System and method for depositing a material on a substrate

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for depositing a film on a substrate includes introducing a material and a carrier gas into a heated chamber. The material may be a semiconductor material, such as a cadmium chalcogenide. A resulting mixture of vapor and carrier gas containing no unvaporized material is provided. The mixture of vapor and carrier gas are remixed to achieve a uniform vapor/carrier gas composition, which is directed toward a surface of a substrate, such as a glass substrate, where the vapor is deposited as a uniform film.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/675,078 filed Apr. 26, 2005,the entire contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to photovoltaic device production.

BACKGROUND

In the manufacture of a photovoltaic device, semiconductor material isdeposited on a glass substrate. This may be accomplished by vaporizingthe semiconductor and directing the vaporized semiconductor towards theglass substrate surface, such that the vaporized semiconductor condensesand is deposited on the glass, forming a solid semiconductor film.

SUMMARY

In general, a method and system for depositing a semiconductor materialon a substrate includes introducing a material and a carrier gas into adistributor assembly having a heated first chamber to form a vapor ofthe material. The material can be a powder, for example, a powder of asemiconductor material. The carrier gas and vapor are then directedthrough a series of successive heated chambers to form a uniformvapor/carrier gas composition. The uniformity of the gas composition canbe provided by flow and diffusion of the vapor and gas incident topassing the vapor and gas through a plurality of chambers of thedistributor assembly. After the composition has become uniform, it isdirected out the distributor assembly and towards a substrate, causing afilm to be formed on a surface of substrate. The substrate can be aglass substrate or another suitable substrate such as polymer substratehaving a surface suitable for forming a uniform film. The film can be asemiconductor composition. The vapor and carrier gas composition may bepassed through a filter after being introduced into the distributorassembly in order to ensure that solid particles of that material arenot directed toward the substrate. Advantageously, the method and systemfor depositing a semiconductor material provides a semiconductor filmwith improved film thickness uniformity and grain structure uniformity.

In one aspect, a method for depositing a film on a substrate includesdirecting a powder such as cadmium sulfide or cadmium telluride and aninert carrier gas such as helium through a feed tube into a heateddistributor assembly including a network of sequentially connectedchambers. The distributor assembly may include a plurality ofsuccessively shrouded tubes such that the semiconductor powder and inertgas are introduced through a feed tube into a first heated tube theinterior of which is passably connected to the interior of a secondchamber. The first heated tube is heated such that the semiconductorpowder forms a vapor. The vapor and carrier gas are then directed fromthe first heated tube to the second chamber, which may itself be aheated tube, and which may be a heated tube larger than the first heatedtube and provided such that the first heated tube is disposed within thesecond tube.

Movement of the vapor and carrier gas through passages betweensuccessive chambers of the distributor assembly and movement within thechambers themselves can create a flow which results in a uniform mixingof vaporized semiconductor and inert carrier gas. Additionally, passingthe vapor and carrier gas through multiple heated chambers can requirethe vapor to travel a greater distance to the substrate and can allowmore time for the powder to completely vaporize. The method may alsoinclude passing the vapor through a filter or other barrier permeable tovapor but not to powder to ensure that no powder is deposited on asurface of the substrate. Reducing or substantially eliminating theamount of powder from the vapor/carrier gas composition and providing auniform vapor/carrier gas composition results in a deposited film thatis substantially uniform as to both thickness and gain structure,resulting in higher-quality and lower-cost production.

In another aspect, a system for depositing a material on a substrateincludes a heated distributor assembly having a plurality ofsequentially connected chambers into which a powder and a carrier gasare introduced. The system includes a feed tube through which the powderand carrier gas are introduced into the first chamber of the distributorassembly. The distributor assembly may be heated by applying a currentacross one or more chambers included in the distributor assembly, or byanother means that will heat at least a portion of the distributorassembly to a temperature sufficient to form a vapor from the powder. Aheating element may be provided in the first chamber. One or morechambers in the distributor assembly may be heated in order to heat atleast a portion of the distributor assembly. The system may also includea filter or other barrier permeable to vapor but not powder tosubstantially prevent powder from exiting the distributor assembly andbeing deposited on a surface of a substrate. The filter may bepositioned within the first chamber.

The chambers in the distributor assembly are provided such that thevapor and carrier gas travel within each chamber and from each chamberto a successive chamber. A second chamber is provided proximate to thefirst chamber where the powder and carrier gas is introduced to thedistributor assembly. After the powder is vaporized in the firstchamber, it is directed into the proximate second chamber. The chambersincluded in the distributor assembly may be provided as a plurality ofsuccessively shrouded tubes such that the vapor and carrier gas areintroduced into a first chamber which is a tube disposed within (e.g.,shrouded by) another tube. The shrouded tube includes one or moreapertures through which the vapor and carrier gas are directed from theshrouded tube to the shroud tube.

The distributor assembly may also include non-tubular chambers used inconnection with tubular chambers or other non-tubular chambers.Additionally, the distributor assembly may be designed such that thevapor and carrier gas are directed from one chamber to the next througha passageway and not necessarily immediately through an aperture in ashrouded chamber into the interior of a shrouding chamber. Regardless ofthe specific configuration of the distributor assembly, the distributorassembly can provide a flow pattern for the vapor and carrier gas suchthat a uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is obtained as the vaporand carrier gas are directed within each chamber and between thechambers included in the distributor assembly. An outlet can be providedat the end of the distributor assembly and is positioned such that theuniform vapor/carrier gas composition directed through the distributorassembly and outlet is directed toward a surface of a substrate uponwhich the semiconductor is deposited as a film on a surface of thesubstrate. The outlet may be positioned proximate to the second chamber.Where the last chamber through which the vapor/carrier gas compositioncan be directed can be a tube, the outlet may be a slot oriented alongthe length of the tube. The outlet may also include a manifold having aplurality of orifices through which the vapor and carrier gas aredirected toward the substrate.

The substrate upon which the film is deposited can be introduced in theproximity of the distributor assembly outlet by a conveyor system. Theconveyor system may include a gas hearth for supporting and transportinga plurality of substrates past the distributor assembly outlet fordeposition.

The method and system described here have the advantage over knownsystems and methods of depositing a semiconductor film on a substrate ofproviding a film of uniform thickness and grain structure. Theseproperties can be important, particularly with respect to the use ofsemiconductor films in solar panels. The method and system describedhere also provide improved definition of the film deposition area,resulting in higher material utilization. As a result, the method andsystem described result in higher efficiency in the production of solarpanels than is provided with known methods and systems.

The method can provide a material film having a uniform thickness andcomposition. A solid introduced into the system can be maintained at atemperature sufficient to vaporize the material for a duration of timesufficient to ensure that substantially all the material that is passedthrough the system forms a vapor. Additionally, a solid to be vaporizedand a carrier gas introduced into the system are passed through thesystem in such a manner that the vapor and the carrier gas mix to formand maintain a uniform composition; segregation between the vapor andthe carrier gas which can occur when passing through a permeablestructure such as a filter on account of the difference in molecularweight between the vapor and carrier gas is substantially reduced.

The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other features, objects, andadvantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and fromthe claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a drawing depicting a system for depositing a semiconductor ona glass sheet substrate.

FIG. 2 is a drawing depicting a material supply for introducing asemiconductor powder and a carrier gas into a distributor assembly.

FIG. 3 is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a material supply.

FIG. 4 is a drawing depicting an alternate embodiment of a materialsupply.

FIG. 5 is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a system for depositing asemiconductor on a downward-facing surface of a glass sheet substrate.

FIG. 6 is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a distributor assembly.

FIG. 7 is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a distributor assembly.

FIG. 8 is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a distributor assembly.

FIG. 9A is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a distributor assembly.

FIG. 9B is a drawing depicting a second view of a distributor assemblyof FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10A is a drawing depicting a first view of another embodiment of adistributor assembly.

FIG. 10B is a drawing depicting a second view of a distributor assemblyof FIG. 10A.

FIG. 11A is a drawing depicting a first view of an embodiment of adistributor assembly.

FIG. 11B is a drawing depicting a second view of an embodiment of adistributor assembly of FIG. 11A.

FIG. 12 is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a distributor assembly.

FIG. 13 is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a distributor assembly.

FIG. 14 is a drawing depicting an embodiment of a distributor assembly.

FIG. 15A is a drawing depicting a first view of an embodiment of adistributor assembly.

FIG. 15B is a drawing depicting a second view of an embodiment of adistributor assembly of FIG. 15A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An apparatus and method for depositing a semiconductor film on a glasssubstrate are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,241, thedisclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A solid material such as a semiconductor powder and carrier gas can beintroduced into a heated permeable tubular chamber, where the solidmaterial is vaporized. The vapor and carrier gas then pass through thewalls of the heated permeable chamber into a shroud surrounding thechamber. The shroud can include an opening through which the vapor isdirected toward a surface of a substrate, such as a glass substrate,where it is deposited as a film.

With reference to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a substrate processing system200 includes distributor assembly 300. Both the distributor assembly 300and the method for processing a substrate 400 are described andexemplified here.

With continuing reference to FIG. 1, the system 200 includes a housing240 defining a processing chamber 250 in which a material is depositedon a substrate 400. Substrate 400 can be a glass sheet. Housing 240includes an entry station 210 and an exit station 220. Entry station 210and exit station 220 can be constructed as load locks or as slit sealsthrough which substrate 400 enters and exits the processing chamber 250.The housing 240 can be heated in any suitable manner such that itsprocessing chamber can be maintained at a deposition temperature. Thedistributor temperature can be about 500 degrees to about 1200 degreesC. Substrate 400 can be heated during the processing to a substratetemperature. The substrate temperature can be 200 degrees to 650 degreeC. Substrate 400 can be transported by any appropriate means such asrollers 230, or a conveyor belt, preferably driven by an attachedelectric motor.

With reference to FIG. 2, distributor assembly 300 contained in housing240 is connected by feed tube 900 to a material supply, which caninclude a hopper 700 containing a powder 500 and a carrier gas source800 containing an appropriate carrier gas 600. Powder 500 can contactcarrier gas 600 in feed tube 900, and both carrier gas 600 and powder500 are introduced into distributor assembly 300.

After carrier gas 600 and powder 500 are introduced into distributorassembly 300, powder 500 is vaporized and directed through distributorassembly 300 along with carrier gas 600 in such a manner that carriergas 600 and the vapor are mixed to form a uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition. The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is then directedout of distributor assembly 300 toward substrate 400. The lowertemperature of substrate 400 compared to the temperature in distributorassembly 300 in order to maintain the material in vapor phase, causescondensation of the vapor on a surface of substrate 400, and thedeposition of a film, which has a substantially uniform thickness and asubstantially uniform structure demonstrating a uniform crystallizationand a substantial absence of particulate material, such as unvaporizedpowder.

The exit point of the semiconductor vapor from distributor assembly 300can be spaced from substrate 400 at a distance in the range of about 0.5to about 5.0 cm to provide more efficient deposition. While greaterspacing can be utilized, that may require lower system pressures andwould result in material waste due to overspraying. Furthermore, smallerspacing could cause problems due to thermal warpage of substrate 400during conveyance in the proximity of the higher temperature distributorassembly 300. Substrate 400 can pass proximate to the point where thesemiconductor vapor exists distributor assembly 300 at a speed of atleast about 20 mm per second to about 40 mm per second.

In performing the deposition, successful results have been achievedusing cadmium telluride and cadmium sulfide as the material. However, itshould be appreciated that other materials can be utilized which includea transition metal (Group IIB) and a chalcogenide (Group VIA). It shouldbe further appreciated that additional materials that can be utilized toform a semiconductor film have many useful applications (such as themanufacture of photovoltaic devices) and may be used with the systemsand methods described herein. Also, dopants may be useful to enhance thedeposition and properties of the resulting film.

Use of system 200 to perform the method has been performed with a vacuumdrawn in the processing chamber 250 to about 0.5 to 760 Torr. In thatconnection, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the processing system 200 includesa suitable exhaust pump 260 for exhausting the processing chamber 250 ofthe housing 240 both initially and continuously thereafter to remove thecarrier gas.

The carrier gas 600 supplied from the source 800 can be helium, whichhas been found to increase the glass temperature range and the pressurerange that provide film characteristics such as deposition density andgood bonding. Alternatively, the carrier gas can be another gas such asnitrogen, neon, argon or krypton, or combinations of these gases. It isalso possible for the carrier gas to include an amount of a reactive gassuch as oxygen that can advantageously affect growth properties of thematerial. A flow rate of 0.3 to 10 standard liters per minute of thecarrier gas has been determined to be sufficient to provide the materialflow to distributor assembly 300 for deposition on a substrate.

It should be recognized that multiple material supplies having multiplehopper and multiple carrier gas sources may introduce carrier gas andmaterial into the distributor assembly. A single material supply isshown in FIG. 2 and subsequent figures for the sake of clarity. FIG. 3and FIG. 4 depict alternate embodiments of a material supply which canbe used. As shown in FIG. 3, hopper 700 containing powder 500 mayinclude a rotary screw 720, which, when rotated by actuator 740 deliverspowder 500 into feed tube 900, where it is introduced into carrier gas600 delivered from carrier gas source 800. Alternatively, as shown inFIG. 4, a vibration-actuated material source is depicted, in which avibration introduced by vibratory feeder 780 causes powder 500 toincrementally move from hopper 700 into inclined passage 760. In thismanner, powder is introduced into feed tube 900, along with carrier gas600 from carrier gas source 800.

FIG. 5 represents an alternative embodiment of system 200 in which asemiconductor film may be deposited on a downward-facing surface ofsubstrate 400. The alternate system depicted includes a refractoryhearth 280 above a plenum 270 of heated pressurized gas. Holes 290 inhearth 280 provide for upward flow of the pressurized heated gas so asto support glass substrate 400 in a floating manner. As floating glasssubstrate 400 is conveyed along the length of hearth 280, thedownward-facing surface passes proximate to distributor assembly 300,from which semiconductor vapor is directed toward and deposited as afilm on substrate 400.

Various embodiments of distributor assembly 300 are described below.Referring to FIG. 6, one embodiment of distributor assembly 300 isdescribed with reference to its internal components. As described above,a carrier gas and material are introduced into distributor assembly 300through feed tube 900 which can be formed from mullite, and which canhave an outer diameter of about 5 mm to about 15 mm (preferably about 10mm), and an inner diameter of about 5 mm to about 10 mm (preferablyabout 6 mm). Carrier gas and material are first directed into theinterior of a first chamber, heater tube 42, which can be impermeableand can have an outer diameter of about 15 mm to about 54 mm (preferablyabout 19 mm), and an inner diameter of about 10 mm to about 15 mm(preferably about 13 mm). Heater tube 42 can be formed from graphite orsilicon carbide (SiC), and can be resistively heated by applying acurrent across heater tube 42. When the material introduced into theinterior of heater tube 42 is a cadmium chalcogenide material, heatertube 42 can be heated to a temperature of about 500 degrees C. to about1200 degrees C. to vaporize the cadmium chalcogenide. If heater tube 42is formed from graphite, heater tube 42 can be heated to a temperatureof about 1200 degrees to about 1500 degrees C. when the material is acadmium chalcogenide. This higher temperature vaporizes cadmiumchalcogenide material more quickly. Forming heater tube 42 from graphiteallows higher temperatures to be utilized since it provides resistanceagainst deterioration potentially, caused by the vapor in thistemperature range.

As new material and carrier gas are introduced into heater tube 42, thevapor and carrier gas are directed out of heater tube 42 through outlet43, which can be a single hole, and which can have diameter of about 2mm to about 20 mm (preferably about 3 mm), into a second chamber,distribution manifold 44. Outlet 43 can also represent a plurality ofdistribution holes. Distribution manifold 44 can be composed of graphiteor mullite, or another suitable ceramic, and can have an outer diameterof about 75 mm to about 100 mm (preferably about 86 mm) and an innerdiameter of about 50 mm to about 80 mm (preferably about 70 mm).

Distribution manifold 44 is positioned above glass substrate 400 by acradle 45, which can be formed from graphite, such that the length ofdistribution manifold 44 covers at least a portion of the width ofsubstrate 400 as substrate 400 is conveyed beneath distribution manifold44. The vapor and carrier gas travel within and along the length ofdistribution manifold 44 until the vapor and carrier gas form a uniformvapor/carrier gas composition. Next, the uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition is directed out of distribution manifold 44 through aplurality of distribution holes 48 aligned in a row along the length ofdistribution manifold 44. Distribution holes 48 can number about 20 toabout 50 and can have a diameter of about 1 mm to about 5 mm (preferablyabout 3 mm). The number of distribution holes 48 included in distributorassembly 300 can be varied as required, and can be spaced from about 19mm to about 25 mm apart. The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition isthen directed into a nozzle 49 formed by graphite cradle 45, after whichthe vaporized semiconductor is deposited on underlying substrate 400,which can be a glass sheet substrate. Directing the uniform vapor/gascomposition streams emitted from distribution holes 48 into a portion ofcradle 45, as depicted in FIG. 6 disperses the uniform vapor/gascomposition and further increases its uniformity of composition,pressure and velocity in preparation for deposition on underlyingsubstrate 400.

As shown in FIG. 6, graphite cradle 45 is heated by adjacentlypositioned tubes 47A and 47B, which can be formed from mullite and whichshroud secondary heater tubes 46A and 46B, respectively, which can beresistively heated silicon carbide (SiC) tubes, and which can have anouter diameter of about 25 mm to about 75 mm (preferably about 54 mm).As substrate 400 is conveyed by the orifice of nozzle 49 a film isformed on the surface of substrate 400, adjacent to nozzle. Theproximity of substrate 400 to nozzle 49 increases the efficiency ofdepositing the film by reducing the amount of material wasted.

FIG. 7 depicts a cross section view taken along the length of adistributor assembly 300. A carrier gas and a powder are introducedthrough feed tube 900 into heater tube 52. Heater tube 52 can beresistively heated by applying current across the length of heater tube52 and is preferably formed from substantially impermeable graphite orSiC. The powder and carrier gas are heated in heater tube 52, causingthe powder to vaporize. The vapor and carrier gas are then directedthrough filter 54 provided in heater tube 52. Filter 54 can be formedfrom a material that is permeable to the carrier gas and vapor, but notto the powder, thereby ensuring that no powder is ultimately depositedon the substrate. Heater tube 52 may be joined by internal joints 56 tolow-resistance electrified ends 51, which are not permeable.

After the vapor and carrier gas are directed through filter 54, themixture is directed into a portion of heater tube 52 having a pluralityof outlets 53, which are preferably holes drilled in a line on one sideof heater tube 52. The vapor and carrier gas are then directed throughoutlets 53 into the interior of an outer tubular sheath 57 which shroudsheater tube 52. Outer tubular sheath 57 can be formed from mullite.During the passage through heater tube 52 and into and within outertubular sheath 57, the irregular flow of the vapor and carrier gasresults in continuous mixing and diffusion of the vapor and the carriergas to provide a uniform vapor/carrier gas composition. As shown in FIG.7, the interior of outer tubular sheath 57 can include a thermowell 59for monitoring the temperature of distributor assembly 300.

The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed within theinterior of outer tubular sheath 57 and toward a slot 55, which ispreferably located on the side of outer tubular sheath substantiallyopposite outlets 53 to provide a lengthy and indirect pathway for thevapor and carrier gas, thereby dispersing the streams of uniformvapor/carrier gas composition directed from outlets 53 and promotingmaximum mixing and uniformity of gas composition, pressure and velocity.The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed out of outertubular sheath 57 through slot 55 and the film of material is depositedon underlying substrate 400.

It should be appreciated that FIG. 7 depicts a portion of distributorassembly 300 and an additional feed tube and internal filter may beprovided at an opposite end of distributor assembly 300, which is notshown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 8, like FIG. 7, depicts a cross section view taken along the lengthof a distributor assembly 300. According to this embodiment, a carriergas and a powder are introduced through feed tube 900 into heater tube62. Feed tube 900 can be formed from mullite or aluminum oxide and canhave an outer diameter of about 5 mm to about 15 mm (preferably about 7mm), and an inner diameter of about 3 mm to about 10 mm (preferablyabout 5 mm). Heater tube 62 can be resistively heated by applying acurrent across the length of heater tube 62 and can be formed fromgraphite or SiC. Heater tube 62 can have an outer diameter of about 25mm to about 75 mm (preferably about 54 mm), and an inner diameter ofabout 20 mm to about 50 mm (preferably about 33 mm). The powder andcarrier gas are heated in heater tube 62, causing the powder tovaporize.

In contrast to the embodiment described above in which the vapor andcarrier gas were directed through an internal filter, in the embodimentdescribed with reference to FIG. 8, after heating, the vapor and carriergas are then directed through cantilevered internal filter 68 which isformed from SiC and is permeable to the vapor and the carrier gas.Internal filter 68 can have an outer diameter of about 10 mm to about 30mm (preferably about 20 mm), and an inner diameter of about 5 mm toabout 15 mm (preferably about 9 mm). The vapor and carrier gas aredirected through cantilevered internal filter 68 into the interior ofheater tube 62. Isolation sleeve 64 is provided to prevent electricalarcs between cantilevered internal filter 68 and heated sleeve 64,resulting in heater failure. Isolation sleeve 64 can be made from anon-conductive material such as mullite or aluminum oxide and can havean outer diameter of about 20 mm to about 40 mm (preferably about 32mm), and an inner diameter of about 20 mm to about 30 mm (preferablyabout 25 mm). Heater tube 62 may be joined by internal joints 66 tolow-resistance electrified ends 61.

The vapor and carrier gas are then directed through a plurality ofoutlets 63, which can be drilled holes formed in a line on one side ofheater tube 62. Outlets 63 can have a diameter of about 2 mm to about 5mm (preferably about 3 mm), and can number about 15 to about 40 alongthe length of heater tube 62 and can be spaced about 19 mm to about 25mm apart. The vapor and carrier gas enter the interior of a outertubular sheath 67, which shrouds heated tube 62. Outer tubular sheath 67can be formed from mullite. During the passage through heater tube 62and into and within outer tubular sheath 67, the irregular flow of thevapor and carrier gas results in continuous mixing and diffusion of thevapor components and carrier gas to form a uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition. The interior of outer tubular sheath 67 can also include athermowell 69, which can be formed from aluminum oxide and can have anouter diameter of about 5 mm to about 10 mm (preferably about 7 mm), formonitoring the temperature of distributor assembly 300.

The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed within theinterior of outer tubular sheath 67, dispersing the streams of vapor andcarrier gas directed from outlets 63 and increasing the uniformity ofcomposition, pressure and velocity of the vapor and carrier gas. Theuniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed and toward a slot 65,which can be located on a side of outer tubular sheath 67 substantiallyopposite outlets 63 to provide a lengthy and indirect path for the vaporand carrier gas, thereby promoting maximum mixing and uniformity of thevapor/carrier gas composition. The uniform vapor/carrier gas compositionis directed out of outer tubular sheath 67 through slot 65 and isdeposited on a surface of underlying substrate 400.

It should be appreciated that as with FIG. 7, FIG. 8 depicts a portionof distributor assembly 300 and an additional feed tube and cantileveredinternal filter may be provided at an opposite end of distributorassembly 300, which is not shown in FIG. 8.

Referring now to FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, an alternative embodiment ofdistributor assembly 300 is presented in cross-sectional view along thelength of the distributor assembly 300. A powder and a carrier gas areintroduced into a heated tube 32, which is heated resistively. Theresistive electrical path is provided by tubular center electrode 73,which can be formed from graphite. Heated tube 32 is permeable and canbe made from SiC. Also contained within the interior of heated tube 32is thermowell 39 for monitoring the temperature of heated tube 32.

The heat provided from resistively heated tube 32 causes the powder tovaporize inside heated tube 32, after which the resulting vapor andcarrier gas permeate the walls of heated tube 32 and are directed to theinterior of surrounding sleeve 72, which can be composed of mullite. Thepowder that is not vaporized does not permeate the walls of heated tube32. Surrounding sleeve 72 is oriented inside a larger-diameter outertubular sheath 37, with portions of tubular center electrode 73separating surrounding sleeve 72 from outer tubular sheath 37, which,like surrounding sleeve 72 can be made from mullite. The vapor andcarrier gas are prevented from escaping the interior of surroundingsleeve 72 by a stopper sleeve 71, which can be made of ceramic tapepacking. The vapor and carrier gas are directed into passageway 76formed in tubular center electrode 73. As the vapor and carrier gastravel through distributor assembly 300, and passageway 76 inparticular, the irregular flow pattern causes the vapor and carrier gasto mix and diffuse into a substantially uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition.

Referring now to FIG. 9B, which depicts the opposite portion ofdistributor assembly 300 shown in FIG. 9A, the uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition exits passageway 76 into the interior of a second heatedtube 34, which may include a second thermowell 38. Second heated tube34, like first heated tube 32, is oriented within larger-diameter outertubular sheath 37. At the end of second heated tube 34 where the uniformvapor/carrier gas composition enters second heating tube 34 frompassageway 76, the second heated tube 34 is isolated from outer tubularsheath 37 by tubular central electrode 73. At the opposite end of secondheated tube 34, space is provided between second heated tube 34 andouter tubular sheath 37 by a tubular graphite spacing bushing 74, anelectrically isolated mullite cylindrical sleeve 75, and ceramic tapepacking 71 as required.

After the vapor/carrier gas uniform composition is directed into secondheated tube 34, it travels within and along second heated tube 34,continuously remixing the vapor/carrier gas composition. The uniformvapor/carrier gas composition is then directed out of second heated tube34 into the interior of outer tubular sheath 37 through a plurality ofoutlets 33, which can be holes drilled in a line along a portion of thelength of one side of second heated tube 34. As with previousembodiments, after traveling through outlets 33, the vapor/carrier gascomposition is directed within outer tubular sheath 37, dispersing thestreams of vapor/carrier gas composition directed through outlets 33 andfurther promoting vapor/carrier gas uniformity of composition, pressureand velocity. The vapor/carrier gas composition is finally directedtoward slot 35, which is preferably provided on a side of outer tubularsheath 37 substantially opposite outlets 33 to maximize the path lengthof the vapor/carrier gas composition and resulting uniformity thereof.Finally, the substantially uniform vapor/carrier gas composition isdirected out slot 35 (which can be provided along the entire length ofouter tubular sheath 37) toward underlying substrate 400 so that a filmmay be deposited thereon.

Referring now to FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B, an alternate embodiment ofdistributor assembly 300 is depicted. A powder and carrier gas areintroduced into distributor assembly 300 through feed tube 900. Thepowder and carrier gas are first directed into a filter tube 81positioned inside heater tube 82. Heater tube 82 heats filter tube 81 toa temperature sufficient to vaporize the powder inside filter tube 81.Filter tube 81 can also be resistively heated, and can have an outerdiameter of about 20 mm to about 40 mm (preferably about 30 mm), and aninner diameter of about 10 mm to about 20 mm (preferably about 16 mm).Heated tube 81 is permeable to the vapor, so the vapor and carrier gaspermeate filter tube 81 and are directed into heater tube 82. Filtertube 81 can be formed from SiC.

After the vapor and carrier gas permeate through filter tube 81 and intoheater tube 82, the vapor and carrier gas travel within heater tube 82,which causes the vapor and carrier gas to mix. Heater tube 82 can beresistively heated and can be formed from impermeable SiC, such as theKanthal Globar type CRL element available from Sandvik MaterialsTechnology (http://www.smt.sandvik.com). Heater tube 82 can have anouter diameter of about 40 mm to about 55 mm (preferably about 50 mm),an inner diameter of about 35 mm to about 45 mm (preferably about 45mm), and may be attached to low-resistance ends 88 a of distributorassembly 300 by internal joints 88 b.

As new vapor and carrier gas permeate into heater tube 82 from filtertube 81, the mixed vapor and carrier gas are directed out of heater tube82 through outlet 84, which can be a single drilled hole located nearone end of heater tube 82, and which can have a diameter of about 10 mmto about 15 mm (preferably about 13 mm). The vapor and carrier gas aredirected through outlet 84, which causes the vapor and carrier gas tocontinue to mix while entering the interior of manifold 86, which can beformed from graphite, and which can have an outer diameter of about 75mm to about 100 mm (preferably about 86 mm), and an inner diameter ofabout 60 mm to about 80 mm (preferably about 70 mm).

The flow of the vapor and carrier gas within manifold 86 causes thevapor and carrier gas to continue to mix and form a uniformvapor/carrier gas composition. The vapor and carrier gas are directedfrom drilled hole 84 on one side of heater tube 82 around heating tube82 inside manifold 86 to a plurality of distribution holes 83 positionedin a line along the length of manifold 86 on a side of manifold 86substantially opposite the side of heater tube 82 where drilled hole 84is located. A thermowell 89 is also provided proximate to heater tube 82in order to monitor the temperature of distributor assembly 300.

The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed out of manifold 86through distribution holes 83 into the interior of outer tubular sheath87, which can be formed from mullite. Distribution holes 83 can have adiameter of about 1 mm to about 5 mm (preferably about 3 mm). Theuniform vapor/carrier gas composition mixture is directed fromdistribution holes 83 and between the interior surface of outer tubularsheath 87 and the exterior of manifold 86 to disperse the streams ofuniform vapor/carrier gas composition directed from distribution holes83 and further increase the vapor/carrier gas uniformity of composition,pressure, and velocity. This flow continues to mix the vapor and thecarrier gas, maintaining the uniform vapor/carrier gas composition,which is directed to slot 85 running along a portion of the length ofouter tubular sheath 87, and located on a side of outer tubular sheath87 substantially opposite the position on manifold 86 where distributionholes 83 are located. Outer tubular sheath 87 can be formed frommullite, and can have an outer diameter of about 80 mm to about 150 mm(preferably about 116 mm), and an inner diameter of about 60 mm to about130 mm (preferably about 104 mm). After it is directed out distributorassembly 300 via slot 85, the vapor is deposited as a film on underlyingsubstrate 400, which is conveyed past distributor assembly 300.

As with earlier embodiments, it should be noted that FIG. 10B depicts aportion of distributor assembly 300 and an additional feed tube andmaterial source may be provided at an opposite end of distributorassembly 300, which is not shown in FIG. 10B.

Referring now to FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B, an alternate embodiment of adistributor assembly 300 is depicted. A powder and a carrier gas aredirected into the interior of first heater tube 91 via feed tube 900.First heater tube 91 is resistively heated to a temperature sufficientto vaporize the powder and is permeable to the resulting vapor and thecarrier gas, but impermeable to the powder. Consequently, any powderthat is not vaporized is unable to pass from the interior of firstheater tube 91. First heater tube 91 can be formed from SiC.

After the powder is vaporized to form a vapor, the vapor and carrier gaspermeate the walls of first heater tube 91 and are directed to the spacebetween first heater tube 91 and first tubular sheath 90, which can beformed from mullite, graphite, or cast ceramic. Passage within firsttubular sheath 90 causes the vapor and carrier gas to mix to form auniform vapor/carrier gas composition. The uniform vapor/carriercomposition is directed through first outlet 94. First outlet 94 can bea single drilled hole and the vapor and carrier gas are further remixedas they pass through first outlet 94.

As shown in FIG. 11A, the uniform vapor/carrier gas composition directedthrough first outlet 94 enters passageway 95, which leads to a secondtubular sheath 98. Passageway 95 may be formed in a block 93, which inturn physically connects the interiors of first tubular sheath 90 andsecond tubular sheath 98, and which can be formed from mullite,graphite, or cast ceramic. The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition isdirected through passageway 95 are then directed through inlet 96, whichcan be a single drilled hole formed in second tubular sheath 98, whichcan be formed from mullite.

Referring now to FIG. 11B, the uniform vapor/carrier gas composition isdirected through second tubular sheath 98, which remixes the vapor andcarrier gas, maintaining the uniform vapor/carrier gas composition. Theuniform vapor/carrier gas composition is then directed out a pluralityof terminal outlets 97, which can be drilled holes provided along atleast a portion of the length of the second tubular sheath 98. Theuniform vapor/carrier gas composition can be directed toward a vapor cap99, which may include a downward-facing surface of block 93 and which,along with the first tubular sheaths 90 and second tubular sheath 98,defines a space (preferably about 1 to about 2 cm wide) and spreadsstreams of the uniform vapor/carrier gas composition emitted fromterminal outlets 97 and further increases the uniformity of thevapor/carrier gas with respect to composition, pressure, and velocity.The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is consequently directed awayfrom distributor assembly 300, towards underlying substrate onto whichthe vapor is deposited as a film.

Referring now to FIG. 12, an alternate embodiment of a distributorassembly 300 is depicted. A powder and carrier gas are introduced intothe interior of heater tube 100. Heater tube 100 is heated to atemperature sufficient to vaporize the powder as it travels within andalong the length of heater tube 100. Heater tube 100 can be resistivelyheated, and can be formed from SiC. Heater tube 100 is permeable to thevapor and carrier gas, but not to the powder. As the powder is vaporizedin heater tube 100, it begins to form a uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition with the carrier gas.

The vapor and carrier gas permeate through heater tube 100 into tubularsheath 101, which surrounds heater tube 100 and can be formed frommullite. The vapor and carrier gas are directed within tubular sheath101, which causes the vapor and carrier gas to continually mix. Thevapor and carrier gas are then directed toward outlet 103, which can bea single drilled hole formed in tubular sheath 101. As the vapor andcarrier gas are directed through outlet 103, they are remixed evenfurther, contributing to an increasingly uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition.

The mixed vapor and carrier gas travel through outlet 103 into theinterior of distribution manifold 102, which, like tubular sheath 101,can be formed from mullite or graphite. Distribution manifold 102 may beencased or surrounded by an insulation such as a fiber blanketinsulation 104 for retaining heat generated by permeable heated tube100, thereby reducing the energy required to maintain the temperaturerequired to vaporize the powder. Distribution manifold 102 can besupported by a cradle 105, which can be formed from graphite. Cradle 105is heated by proximate heater tubes 106, which can be formed from SiCand resistively heated, and located inside proximate tubular sheaths107, which can be formed from mullite and which conduct heat generatedby proximate heater tubes 106 to the adjacent cradle 105.

After the uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed throughoutlet 103 in tubular sheath 101, the vapor and carrier gas continue tomix as they are directed through the space between the interior wall ofdistribution manifold 102 and the exterior of tubular sheath 101. Theuniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed to a plurality ofdistribution holes 108 located at a position in distribution manifold102 substantially opposite the position on tubular sheath 101 at whichoutlet 103 is located. The plurality of distribution holes 108 can bealigned along at least a portion of the length of distribution manifold102. The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed throughdistribution holes 108 toward a portion of graphite cradle 105,dispersing streams of uniform vapor/carrier gas composition directedthrough distribution holes 108 and further increasing the uniformity ofthe vapor/carrier gas with respect to composition, pressure, andvelocity. The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed into anozzle 109 formed by graphite cradle 105 and is then deposited as a filmon underlying substrate 400.

Referring now to FIG. 13, an alternate embodiment of a distributorassembly 300 is depicted. A powder and a carrier gas are introduced intothe interior of heater tube 111. Heater tube 111 is heated totemperature sufficient to vaporize the powder as it travels within andalong the length of permeable heated tube 111. Heater tube 111 can beresistively heated, and can be formed from SiC. Heater tube 111 ispermeable to the vapor and carrier gas, but not to the powder.

The vapor and carrier gas permeate through permeable heater tube 111into outer tubular sheath 112, which surrounds permeable heater tube 111and can be formed from mullite. The forming uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition is directed within outer tubular sheath 112, which causesthe vapor and carrier gas to continually mix. The uniform vapor/carriergas composition is then directed toward outlet 113, which can be asingle drilled hole formed in outer tubular sheath 112. As thesemiconductor vapor and carrier gas are directed through outlet 113,they are remixed even further, contributing to an increasingly uniformvapor/carrier gas composition.

The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directed through outlet 113into the interior of manifold 114, which includes a passageway 115connecting the interior of manifold 114 with outlet 113 formed in outertubular sheath 112. Manifold 114 can be adjacent to proximate heatertubes 117, which can be formed from SiC and resistively heated, andlocated inside proximate tubular sheaths 118, which can be formed frommullite and which conduct heat generated by proximate heater tubes 117to the adjacent manifold 114. As the vapor and carrier gas travel withinmanifold 114, they continue to remix, maintaining a uniformvapor/carrier gas composition.

As new vapor and carrier gas are introduced into the interior ofmanifold 114 through passageway 115, the uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition is directed out of manifold 114 through a plurality ofdistribution holes 116, which can be arranged in a line parallel to thelength of one of the tubular mullite sheaths 118, and is directed suchthat the flow of the uniform vapor/carrier gas composition isinterrupted by a proximate tubular sheath 118, which disperses thestreams of uniform vapor/carrier gas composition directed fromdistribution holes 116 and further increases the uniformity of thecomposition, pressure, and velocity of the vapor/carrier gas. Theuniform vapor/carrier gas composition is then directed between bothproximate tubular sheaths 118 and towards an underlying substrate 400,on which a resulting film is deposited.

Referring now to FIG. 14, an alternate embodiment of a distributorassembly 300 is depicted. A powder and a carrier gas are introduced viafeed tube 900 into inner distributor manifold 121. Inner distributormanifold 121 can be formed from SiC and can be impermeable, such as theKanthal Globar type CRL element available from Sandvik MaterialsTechnology (http://www.smt.sandvik.com). Inner distributor manifold 121is surrounded by a permeable heater tube 123, which can be formed fromSiC, and which can be resistively heated to a temperature sufficient tovaporize the powder. Thermowell 124 is provided proximate to permeableheater tube 123 to allow for monitoring and manipulation of thetemperature of permeable heater tube 123.

Since permeable heater tube 123 surrounds inner distributor manifold121, it heats the inner distributor manifold 121 (which itself can alsobe resistively heated) and begins to vaporize the powder while thepowder and carrier gas travel within inner distributor manifold 121. Thepowder being vaporized and carrier gas are then directed throughdistributor holes 122, which can be drilled in a line along at leastpart of the length of inner distributor manifold 121. Powder, vaporizedpowder, and carrier gas are directed into the interior of permeableheater tube 123, dispersing the streams of uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition directed from distributor holes 122 and further increasingthe uniformity of the vapor/carrier gas with respect to composition,pressure, and velocity. As the newly formed vapor and carrier gas aredirected into and within permeable heater tube 123, they continue to mixto form a substantially uniform vapor/carrier gas composition.

The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition then permeates the walls ofpermeable heater tube 123 into the interior of outer tubular sheath 125,which can be formed from mullite. Segregation that might otherwise beexpected when directing the vapor and carrier gas of disparate molecularweight is insignificant due to the spacing of distributor holes 122.Within the interior of outer tubular sheath 125, the vapor and carriergas continue to remix to maintain a uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition. The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition is directedthrough the interior of outer tubular sheath 125 and through slot 126,which is provided along a length of outer tubular sheath 125substantially opposite the side of inner distribution manifold 121 wheredistribution holes 122 are located. The uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition is directed out of distributor assembly 300 and towardsubstrate 400, where the vapor is deposited as a substantially uniformfilm.

As with earlier embodiments, it should be noted that FIG. 14 depicts aportion of distributor assembly 300 and an additional feed tube andmaterial source may be provided at an opposite end of distributorassembly 300, which is not shown in FIG. 14.

Referring now to FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B, an alternate embodiment of adistributor assembly 300 is depicted. A powder and a carrier gas aredirected into the interior of heater tube 131 via feed tube 900, whichcan be formed from mullite, and which can have an outer diameter ofabout 5 mm to about 15 mm (preferably about 10 mm), and an innerdiameter of about 5 mm to about 10 mm (preferably about 6 mm). Heatertube 131 is resistively heated to a temperature sufficient to vaporizethe powder and is permeable to the resulting vapor and the carrier gas,but impermeable to the powder. Consequently, any powder that is notvaporized is unable to pass from the interior of heater tube 131. Heatertube 131 can be formed from SiC, and can have an outer diameter of about30 to about 70 mm (preferably about 54 mm), and an inner diameter ofabout 25 mm to about 50 mm (preferably about 33 mm).

After the powder is vaporized to form a vapor, the vapor and carrier gaspermeate the walls of heater tube 131 and are directed to the spacebetween heater tube 131 and tubular sheath 130, which can be formed fromgraphite, mullite, or another suitable ceramic, and which has an outerdiameter of about 60 mm to about 120 mm (preferably about 85 mm), and aninner diameter of about 50 min to about 100 mm (preferably about 75 mm).Passage within tubular sheath 130 causes the vapor and carrier gas tomix to form a uniform vapor/carrier gas composition. The uniformvapor/carrier composition is directed through outlet 132 formed intubular sheath 130. Outlet 132 can be a single drilled hole with adiameter of about 5 mm to about 20 mm (preferably about 13 mm) and thevapor and carrier gas are further remixed as they pass through outlet132.

As shown in FIG. 15A, the uniform vapor/carrier gas composition directedthrough outlet 132 is then directed through hole 134 with a diameter ofabout 5 mm to about 20 mm (preferably about 13 mm) and into passageway135, formed in block 133, which can be made of graphite, or mullite, oranother suitable ceramic. The uniform vapor/carrier gas composition isdirected through passageway 135.

Referring now to FIG. 15B, the uniform vapor/carrier gas compositiondirected through passageway 135 is directed out a plurality ofdistribution holes 136, which is formed in block 133 and which can becolinear to hole 134 along the length of block 133.

Distribution holes 136 can be drilled, can have a diameter of about 1 mmto about 5 mm (preferably about 3 mm), and can number from about 10 toabout 50 along the length of block 133, about 10 mm to about 25 mm(preferably about 19 mm) apart. The uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition can be directed through distribution holes 136 toward aportion of tubular sheath 130, which disperses streams of uniformvapor/carrier gas composition directed from distribution holes 136 andfurther increases the uniformity of the vapor/carrier gas with respectto composition, pressure, and velocity. The uniform vapor/carrier gascomposition is directed through a space formed by the outside of tubularsheath 130 and the interior of walls of block 133 towards underlyingsubstrate onto which the vapor is deposited as a film.

The embodiments described above are offered by way of illustration andexample. It should be understood that the examples provided above may bealtered in certain respects and still remain within the scope of theclaims. For example, the component dimensions described above aresuitable for use with substrates up to 60 cm wide; adjustments can bemade when using substrates of different sizes. It should be appreciatedthat, while the invention has been described with reference to the abovepreferred embodiments, other embodiments are within the scope of theclaims.

1-28. (canceled)
 29. A method for depositing a material on a substrate,comprising: introducing the material as a powder and a carrier gas intoa first chamber, the first chamber comprising one or more first chamberwalls which are permeable to a vapor and the carrier gas but impermeableto the solid material; heating a heating element associated with thefirst chamber to a temperature sufficient to vaporize at least a portionof the powder into a vapor; directing the vapor through the one or morepermeable first chamber walls into a second chamber positioned outsidethe first chamber that provides a material flow sufficiently indirect tomix the vapor and the carrier gas into a substantially uniformvapor/carrier gas composition; directing the vapor carrier gascomposition into a passageway formed in a block; directing thevapor/carrier gas composition towards a portion of an external surfaceof the second chamber to disperse the vapor/carrier gas composition andfurther increase its uniformity; and directing the substantially uniformvapor/carrier gas composition towards a surface of a substrate.
 30. Themethod of claim 29, wherein the block has a first and a second extensionthat form a second passageway having a first branch between the firstblock extension and the external surface of the second chamber and asecond branch between the second block extension and the externalsurface of the second chamber and the vapor/carrier gas composition isdirected through the second passageway before being directed towards thesurface of the substrate.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein at leastone of the first and second chambers are tubular.
 32. The method ofclaim 29, wherein the second chamber comprises a second chamber outlet,the second chamber outlet connecting the second chamber and the firstpassageway.
 33. The method of claim 32, wherein the second chamberoutlet comprises a single hole.
 34. The method of claim 29, wherein thematerial is selected from the group consisting of cadmium calcogenide,cadmium telluride, and cadmium sulfide.
 35. The method of claim 29,wherein the step of heating the heating element comprises heating thefirst chamber to a temperature of at least 500 degrees C.
 36. The methodof claim 35, wherein the step of heating the heating element comprisesheating the first chamber to a temperature of at least 700 degrees C.37. The method of claim 29, wherein the heating element is incorporatedinto the first chamber.
 38. The method of claim 32, wherein the firstpassageway comprises a first passageway outlet including between about10 to about 50 distribution holes.
 39. The method of claim 38, whereinthe distribution holes are co-linear to the second chamber outlet. 40.The method of claim 29, wherein the surface of the substrate has a lowertemperature than the vapor.